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Which format should you choose?
AAC vs MP3.aac · .mp3AAC and MP3 are lossy audio codecs. Choose by distribution, player, container, and compatibility rather than universal quality claims.AAC vs Opus.aac · .opusAAC and Opus are both lossy audio codecs, but their common delivery environments differ. AAC is widely used in media containers and device playback; Opus is often considered for low-latency communication and web delivery.AI vs EPS.ai · .epsAI and EPS are vector formats seen in illustration and print. AI is an Illustrator editing master; EPS exchanges artwork in PostScript workflows.AI vs PDF.ai · .pdfAI is an Illustrator editing source. PDF is a fixed-layout file commonly delivered for viewing or printing. Separate continuing design work from final distribution.AI vs PSD.ai · .psdAI and PSD are Adobe editing files. AI is primarily for vector shapes and illustrations; PSD is for photo compositing and pixel-based image work.AI vs SVG.ai · .svgAI and SVG both handle vector artwork. AI is an Illustrator working file; SVG is an open format for web display and broader delivery.AIFF vs FLAC.aiff · .aif · .flacAIFF is an audio container often used for uncompressed PCM in production. FLAC losslessly compresses PCM audio so a compatible decoder can reproduce the original data.AMR vs MP3.amr · .mp3AMR and MP3 serve different audio workflows. AMR is associated with speech communication; MP3 is widely used for general audio distribution.APNG vs WebP.apng · .png · .webpAPNG and WebP both support animation and transparency. APNG extends PNG with lossless animation; WebP offers web-oriented lossy and lossless encoding.Arrow IPC vs CSV.arrow · .feather · .arrows · .csvBoth can exchange tabular data, but Arrow IPC is a typed binary columnar format, whereas CSV is plain text with delimited fields.Arrow vs netCDF.arrow · .feather · .arrows · .nc · .nc4 · .cdfApache Arrow specifies a columnar in-memory format and serialization for interchange and analytical processing across languages. netCDF describes scientific datasets with named dimensions, variables, and attributes for coordinates, time, units, and related metadata.Arrow vs ORC.arrow · .feather · .arrows · .orcApache Arrow is a language-independent columnar memory representation for analytics and data interchange. ORC is a columnar file format that organizes rows into stripes with column data, indexes, and statistics to support analytical reads.Arrow IPC vs Parquet.arrow · .feather · .arrows · .parquetBoth Arrow IPC and Parquet handle columnar data, but Arrow IPC is mainly for fast exchange between programs, while Parquet is designed for storing and retrieving analytical data.Arrow vs Zarr.arrow · .feather · .arrows · .zarrApache Arrow specifies a language-independent in-memory columnar format and serialization for data interchange. Zarr stores N-dimensional arrays as chunks and metadata in a store.AVI vs MOV.avi · .movAVI is a RIFF-based container common in legacy Windows workflows; MOV follows Apple's QuickTime File Format and is common in media production.AVI vs MP4.avi · .mp4AVI and MP4 are video containers. Playback depends on the video and audio codecs inside, not the extension alone.AVI vs WebM.avi · .webmAVI is a container often found in existing Windows-era video assets and workflows. WebM is a container focused on web delivery. Check the codecs inside and support along the delivery path.AVIF vs JPEG.avif · .jpg · .jpegAVIF is a newer option for optimizing web images and can support transparency. JPEG is a widely compatible lossy format for photo delivery. Choose based on measured results and audience support.AVIF vs WebP.avif · .webpAVIF and WebP both target web images and support lossy and lossless options and transparency. Compare quality, size, encoding speed, and support using the same images; serving more than one format may be appropriate.Avro vs CBOR.avro · .cborApache Avro encodes records according to a schema and supports writer/reader schema resolution and container files. CBOR is a general binary format with an extended JSON data model, including direct byte strings and tags.Avro vs JSON.avro · .jsonApache Avro is a schema-based serialization system with compact binary encoding and an object container file that carries its schema. JSON is a human-readable text interchange format; Avro also defines a JSON encoding.Avro vs ORC.avro · .orcAvro is commonly used to exchange schema-governed records. ORC stores typed data by column for analytical reading.Avro vs Parquet.avro · .parquetAvro serializes schema-governed records; Parquet stores data by column for large-scale analytical reads. Choose by how the data is written and queried.Avro vs Protocol Buffers.avro · .protoApache Avro associates data with a writer schema and resolves it against a reader schema. Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) generates code from `.proto` definitions and field numbers, then encodes messages in a numbered binary wire format.BAM vs CRAM.bam · .cramBAM is a BGZF-compressed alignment representation. CRAM uses reference differences and other encodings; preservation depends on writer settings.BED vs bigBed: text editing and indexed delivery.bed · .bb · .bigBedBED is interval text; bigBed is indexed binary BED-type data.BED vs GFF3: interval extraction and annotation structure.bed · .gff3 · .gffBED suits interval selection; GFF3 carries typed annotations, attributes and relationships.bedGraph vs bigWig: numeric text and indexed delivery.bedGraph · .bw · .bigWigbedGraph is interval-value text; bigWig is an indexed numeric track.BMP vs PNG.bmp · .pngBMP appears in older Windows bitmap workflows. PNG is a lossless format useful for graphics, screenshots, and transparency. Choose by existing requirements or new delivery.BMP vs TIFF.bmp · .tif · .tiffBMP and TIFF are raster image formats used in different workflows. Inspect the actual file's color, compression, metadata, and recipient software.Brotli vs gzip.br · .gz · .gzipBrotli and gzip are lossless formats used for HTTP delivery. Brotli is common for web-content compression, while gzip has broad compatibility with existing tools.Brotli vs Zstandard.br · .zstBrotli and Zstandard (zstd) are distinct lossless stream formats. Brotli is used as HTTP content coding br; Zstandard offers configurable framed compression, streaming, and dictionary workflows.BSON vs JSON.bson · .jsonBSON is a length-prefixed binary document format with JSON-like structures and additional types such as dates, binary values, and ObjectId. JSON is a text format defined by RFC 8259, valued for readability and broad tooling.BSON vs MessagePack.bson · .msgpack · .mpkBSON and MessagePack can both represent binary document-like data, but BSON is a typed document representation associated with MongoDB while MessagePack is a general-purpose object serialization format.BUFR vs GRIB.bufr · .buf · .grib · .grb · .grib2 · .grb2BUFR and GRIB are WMO binary meteorological code forms, but BUFR represents varied observations while GRIB is mainly used for regularly distributed grid data.BZIP2 vs GZIP.bz2 · .bz · .gz · .gzipBZIP2 and GZIP provide lossless compression for file streams. Actual size, speed, and extraction support depend on the data, settings, and recipient.CBOR vs JSON.cbor · .jsonCBOR is a binary interchange format with a data model extending JSON, including values such as byte strings and tags. JSON is a human-readable text interchange format widely used by web APIs and configuration tools.CBOR vs MessagePack.cbor · .msgpack · .mpkCBOR and MessagePack both serialize JSON-like values to binary. CBOR standardizes protocol tags and deterministic encoding rules; MessagePack offers compact encoding for general objects.CRT vs DER.crt · .cer · .derCRT is a common certificate filename extension; DER is a binary encoding for ASN.1 data such as certificates. They describe different things.CRT vs PEM.crt · .cer · .pemCRT is a filename extension commonly used for certificates. PEM is a text encoding that can contain certificates, keys, or related objects; they are not equivalent categories.CRT vs PFX.crt · .cer · .pfx · .p12CRT/CER commonly identifies an X.509 certificate; PFX/P12 is a container that can bundle certificates and private keys.CSR vs CRT.csr · .crt · .cerA CSR is a certificate signing request submitted for issuance. CRT is an extension commonly used for an issued certificate; their roles differ before and after issuance.HTML vs CSS.html · .htm · .cssHTML defines a web page’s structure and content; CSS controls its presentation and layout. They are complementary, not competing formats.CSV vs JSON.csv · .jsonCSV represents tabular records; JSON represents structured values such as objects and arrays. Choose based on the shape of the data and the receiving system.CSV vs ODS.csv · .odsCSV is a text format for exchanging values and does not preserve formulas, formatting, or multiple sheets. ODS is an editable spreadsheet workbook that can retain sheets, formulas, and formatting.CSV vs Parquet.csv · .parquetCSV is a human-readable text format for exchanging tabular values. Parquet is a columnar binary format built for efficient storage and reading in analytics systems. Choose for data handoff or large-scale analysis.CSV vs XLS.csv · .xlsCSV is plain text for exchanging tabular values, while XLS is an older Excel workbook format. Choose based on whether you need only values or workbook features.CSV vs XLSX.csv · .xlsxCSV exchanges plain table values. XLSX is a spreadsheet file that can retain formulas, formatting, and multiple sheets.DAE vs FBX.dae · .fbxDAE is the XML-based COLLADA exchange format. FBX is widely used for scene exchange between 3D production tools.DDS vs PNG.dds · .pngDDS is used for GPU-oriented game textures. PNG is a general lossless image format useful for transparent graphics and web distribution.DICOM vs JPEG.dcm · .jpg · .jpegDICOM is a standard for exchanging medical images with examination attributes; JPEG is an image format for broadly viewing and delivering pixels. Choose by whether the task needs clinical data or a shareable still image.DICOM vs TIFF.dcm · .tif · .tiffDICOM exchanges medical images and related study and equipment attributes through SOP Classes and Transfer Syntaxes. TIFF is a general raster-image format organized with tags and image directories; it does not replace the DICOM clinical data model.DNG vs JPEG: editing source or viewing copy.dng · .jpg · .jpegDNG is an open format for camera raw information. JPEG is widely used to view and share rendered images.DOC vs DOCX.doc · .docxDOC is an older binary Word format. DOCX is the current Word document format based on Office Open XML.DOC vs ODT.doc · .odtDOC is the legacy binary Word format; ODT is an editable text-document format in the OpenDocument family. App support and fidelity can differ.DOC vs RTF.doc · .rtfBoth DOC and RTF store documents, but DOC is the binary format used by Word 97–2003, while RTF is intended to move formatted text between different applications. Choose based on the recipient's software and the features you need to retain.DOCX vs HTML.docx · .html · .htmChoose DOCX for word-processing and review; choose HTML for content displayed in a web browser.DOCX vs Markdown.docx · .md · .markdownDOCX supports editable documents with tables, images, and formatting. Markdown is lightweight plain-text markup suited to text-based review and version control.DOCX vs RTF.docx · .rtfDOCX is a current document format for continued editing with body text, styles, tables, and images. RTF supports basic character and paragraph formatting for document exchange, but is not suited to advanced editing features or complex layout fidelity.DWG vs DXF.dwg · .dxfDWG is widely used as a native CAD drawing format. DXF is designed to exchange CAD data between applications. Choose based on the receiving software and the drawing elements that must survive.DWG vs STEP.dwg · .step · .stpDWG is a native CAD drawing format common in AutoCAD workflows; STEP is a neutral exchange format for product and 3D CAD data.DXF vs IGES.dxf · .iges · .igsDXF and IGES are exchange formats for moving design data between CAD systems. DXF is widely used for CAD drawings, including in AutoCAD-related workflows; IGES has long been used to exchange geometry such as curves and surfaces. The receiving software and required geometry should determine the choice.E57 vs LAS.e57 · .lasE57 exchanges scan points, images and acquisition information. LAS standardizes LiDAR and other point records and attributes; overlapping uses do not mean identical structures.EML vs MBOX.eml · .mbox · .mbxEML commonly stores one email message. MBOX groups multiple messages in a mailbox file. Choose by the unit you need to preserve or move.EPS vs PDF.eps · .pdfEPS and PDF may both appear in print workflows. EPS exchanges artwork in PostScript-based production; PDF distributes fixed-layout documents and finished deliverables.EPS vs SVG.eps · .svgEPS and SVG both carry vector artwork, but EPS targets PostScript print workflows while SVG is an open vector format for browsers and web delivery.EPUB vs DOCX.epub · .docxEPUB is an e-book package for reading apps; DOCX is a word-processing document intended for continued editing. Choose between reader-focused delivery and document editing.EPUB vs PDF.epub · .pdfEPUB and PDF both distribute documents, but EPUB can reflow text for a reading screen while PDF preserves a fixed page layout.FASTA vs FASTQ: sequences and quality retention.fasta · .fa · .fastq · .fq · .fastq.gz · .fq.gzFASTA alone stores sequences; FASTQ stores sequences with per-base quality scores.FBX vs glTF.fbx · .gltf · .glbFBX is used to exchange 3D production scenes; glTF is designed for efficient runtime delivery of 3D assets.FBX vs OBJ.fbx · .objFBX may carry scene data such as rigs and animation; OBJ is commonly used for mesh geometry and may reference materials separately.FIT vs GPX.fit · .gpxFIT is a binary format for sports-device activity, sensor, and event data; GPX is XML for exchanging waypoints, routes, and tracks.FITS vs HDF5.fits · .fit · .fts · .h5 · .hdf5FITS is a standard for exchanging, analyzing, and archiving astronomy data, with headers and one or more Header/Data Units (HDUs). HDF5 is a general hierarchical container in which applications define data structures and meaning.FITS vs netCDF.fits · .fit · .fts · .nc · .nc4 · .cdfFITS is a standard for exchanging, analyzing, and archiving astronomy data, with image arrays and tables in Header/Data Units (HDUs). netCDF describes scientific data using dimensions, variables, and attributes and is used in fields such as meteorology and Earth science.FITS vs Zarr.fits · .fit · .fts · .zarrFITS is a standard for astronomy data organized into Header/Data Units (HDUs). Zarr stores multidimensional arrays as chunks and metadata under keys in a store.FLAC vs AAC.flac · .aacFLAC uses lossless compression, while AAC is a lossy audio codec. Separate preservation needs from delivery size and playback compatibility.FLAC vs WAV.flac · .wavFLAC is a lossless compression format that can reconstruct the original PCM audio. WAV is an audio container commonly used for uncompressed PCM, but its internal codec should be checked.FlatGeobuf vs GeoPackage: delivery and SQL management.fgb · .gpkgFlatGeobuf is a binary feature collection; GeoPackage is a SQLite database for geographic data.FLV vs MP4.flv · .mp4FLV is mainly encountered in legacy Flash Video files, while MP4 is a widely used container for current video delivery. A migration decision should account for the codecs inside the file, not only its extension.GeoJSON vs JSON.geojson · .json · .jsonGeoJSON is a JSON-based format with conventions for geographic features and geometries. General JSON can represent many kinds of structured data but does not by itself define coordinate or geometry semantics.GeoPackage vs GeoJSON.gpkg · .geojson · .jsonBoth represent geographic data, but GeoPackage is an SQLite-based multi-layer container, whereas GeoJSON is a JSON text format for geographic features.GeoPackage vs KML.gpkg · .kmlBoth describe geographic information, but GeoPackage is a SQLite database for multiple layers and tiles, while KML is XML for visualizing geographic data in map and Earth-browser applications.GeoParquet vs GeoPackage: columnar analysis and GIS management.parquet · .gpkgGeoParquet adds geographic conventions to Parquet; GeoPackage manages geographic data in SQLite.GeoTIFF vs netCDF.tif · .tiff · .nc · .nc4 · .cdfGeoTIFF uses TIFF imagery and tags to relate raster pixels to geographic coordinates and a CRS. netCDF describes scientific datasets with named dimensions, variables, and attributes, and can group multiple variables and times.GeoTIFF vs TIFF.tif · .tiff · .tif · .tiffGeoTIFF is TIFF with geospatial reference tags; an ordinary TIFF raster may contain no map coordinates.GeoTIFF vs Zarr.tif · .tiff · .zarrGeoTIFF adds georeferencing and coordinate reference information to TIFF imagery. Zarr stores multidimensional arrays as chunks and metadata; geospatial meaning depends on additional conventions.GGUF vs Safetensors: inference delivery and weight storage.gguf · .safetensorsGGUF delivers inference models to compatible GGML-based implementations. Safetensors stores named tensors; model definitions and execution environments are supplied separately.GIF vs APNG.gif · .apng · .pngGIF and APNG can both contain multiple frames. GIF is broadly recognized for simple short loops; APNG extends PNG for animation with lossless frames and transparency. Compare the target support and actual file size.GIF vs BMP.gif · .bmpGIF and BMP are raster image formats with different strengths. GIF suits palette-based images and simple animations; BMP stores bitmap pixel data in forms whose color depth and compression vary. Choose for the content, size, and target software.GIF vs WebP.gif · .webpGIF and WebP are used to deliver still and animated images. Compare transparency, animation, target support, and size using the actual asset.glTF vs OBJ.gltf · .glb · .objglTF packages 3D assets for web and real-time viewing, including supported materials and animation. OBJ is a broadly used mesh format focused mainly on geometry.glTF vs USD.gltf · .glb · .usd · .usda · .usdc · .usdzglTF is designed to deliver 3D models and scenes efficiently to applications. USD is a scene-description framework for composing assets and layers, often used in larger production and collaboration workflows.GML vs GeoJSON: schemas and coordinate systems.gml · .xml · .geojson · .jsonGML describes features using XML and application schemas. GeoJSON represents geometry and properties in JSON; this comparison uses the coordinate rules of RFC 7946.GPX vs KML.gpx · .kmlGPX is XML for exchanging GPS waypoints, planned routes, and recorded tracks. KML describes geographic features for map or globe display and can include names, descriptions, styles, folders, and overlays.GRIB vs netCDF.grib · .grb · .grib2 · .grb2 · .nc · .nc4 · .cdfBoth are used for weather and Earth-science data, but GRIB commonly packages gridded forecast messages while netCDF describes datasets with dimensions, variables, and attributes.GRIB vs Zarr.grib · .grb · .grib2 · .grb2 · .zarrGRIB exchanges weather forecast and analysis grids as messages with product, grid, and data-representation information. Zarr stores multidimensional arrays as chunks and metadata under keys in a store.GTF vs GFF3: attribute syntax and transcript mapping.gtf · .gff3 · .gffBoth use nine annotation columns, but attribute syntax and relationship models differ.GZIP vs XZ.gz · .gzip · .xzGZIP and XZ are lossless compressors commonly applied to a single file. Their practical trade-offs include output size, compression and extraction time, and support on the recipient's systems.GZIP vs ZIP.gz · .gzip · .zipGZIP commonly compresses one file, while ZIP can package multiple files and directories together. The right choice depends on whether the recipient needs a bundle, the expected tools, and the delivery workflow.HDF5 vs netCDF.h5 · .hdf5 · .nc · .nc4 · .cdfHDF5 is a general container for hierarchical data; netCDF provides a scientific data model and APIs. netCDF-4 uses HDF5 as its storage foundation, but an arbitrary HDF5 file is not necessarily readable as netCDF-4.HDF5 vs Zarr.h5 · .hdf5 · .zarrHDF5 organizes groups and datasets hierarchically in a general container. Zarr represents chunked multidimensional arrays and metadata as separate keys in a store, with filesystem and object-store use in mind.HEIF vs AVIF.heif · .heic · .avifHEIF is a flexible image-container family, while AVIF follows the AV1 Image File Format specification. Their support varies across cameras, operating systems, browsers, and editing tools.HEIF vs JPEG.heif · .heic · .jpg · .jpegHEIF can store images efficiently and may support features beyond a basic still image, while JPEG remains widely supported for sharing and publishing. The best choice depends on the camera workflow and every destination that must open the file.HEIF vs WebP.heif · .heic · .webpHEIF is common in some camera and mobile photo workflows, while WebP is designed for web images and supports still and animated content. Compatibility depends on the actual codec, application, browser, and delivery path.HTML vs Markdown.html · .htm · .md · .markdownHTML describes structured web content and provides detailed control over elements, while Markdown offers a compact authoring syntax that is commonly converted to HTML. The best choice depends on who edits the content and how it is published.ICO vs PNG.ico · .pngICO is a Windows icon container that can hold multiple image representations at different sizes and color depths. PNG is a general-purpose raster image format with broad support and transparency, but it does not by itself define an icon set for every operating system.ICS vs CSV.ics · .csvICS represents calendar events and scheduling data with fields for dates, recurrence, time zones, and other event details. CSV stores rows and columns, so calendar applications may require a specific column layout and mapping to import it.ISO vs ZIP.iso · .zipISO commonly represents a disc image with a filesystem layout that can be mounted or written to media. ZIP is a file archive for bundling and optionally compressing files and directories. They serve different packaging needs even when both contain similar files.JPEG vs BMP.jpg · .jpeg · .bmpJPEG is a lossy format commonly used for photographs and compact distribution; BMP is a family of bitmap formats used in some Windows workflows.JPEG vs PNG.jpg · .jpeg · .pngJPEG commonly uses lossy compression and suits many photographs, while PNG preserves pixel values losslessly and supports transparency. The choice depends on image content, editing needs, and the destination's requirements.JPEG vs TIFF.jpg · .jpeg · .tif · .tiffJPEG is widely used to deliver photos efficiently, while TIFF is common in scanning, print, and image-production workflows. Choose by the delivery or production task, and check TIFF's compression and color settings.JPEG vs WebP.jpg · .jpeg · .webpJPEG is widely supported for photographs, while WebP can use lossy or lossless compression and supports transparency. For web delivery, results depend on the source image, encoder settings, and target browsers.JSON vs TOML.json · .tomlJSON is widely used for APIs and program-to-program data exchange. TOML is designed for human-edited application configuration, with readable keys, values, tables, and arrays.JSON vs YAML.json · .yaml · .ymlJSON is a strict text format widely used for APIs and data exchange between programs. YAML offers syntax suited to human-edited configuration and structured data. Choose for the ecosystem and workflow.JSON5 vs JSON.json5 · .jsonJSON5 keeps JSON's data model while adding hand-editing conveniences such as comments, identifier keys, single-quoted strings, trailing commas, and hexadecimal numbers. Standard JSON uses stricter syntax and is widely supported by APIs and general-purpose parsers.JSON Lines vs Avro.jsonl · .ndjson · .avroJSON Lines stores one JSON value per UTF-8 line for record-by-record processing. Avro encodes typed records using a writer schema and can store schema metadata with data blocks.JSON Lines vs CSV.jsonl · .ndjson · .csvJSON Lines places one independent JSON value on each line, while CSV arranges fields into rows and columns. JSON Lines handles nested or varying record structures more naturally; CSV suits tabular data with consistent columns.JSON Lines vs JSON.jsonl · .ndjson · .jsonJSON Lines (newline-delimited JSON) is a UTF-8 text convention that places one independent valid JSON value on each line. A regular JSON text represents one value as a whole, so JSON Lines suits sequential processing and appending multiple records.JSON Lines vs Parquet.jsonl · .ndjson · .parquetJSON Lines stores an independent JSON value on each UTF-8 text line. Parquet is a binary column-oriented file with row groups and column chunks.JPEG XL vs AVIF.jxl · .avifJPEG XL and AVIF are distinct image coding formats with different feature sets and implementation support. The practical choice depends on browsers, applications, encoders, and the delivery path, not just a codec's advertised capabilities.JPEG XL vs JPEG.jxl · .jpg · .jpegJPEG XL and JPEG are distinct image formats. JPEG remains broadly supported, while JPEG XL may be considered where receiving browsers and applications support it. Compare actual encodings instead of assuming size or quality from the format name.JPEG XL vs PNG.jxl · .pngPNG is a widely supported lossless raster format with transparency. JPEG XL is a newer image coding format with different compression and feature options, but client support must be checked. The right choice depends on editing, delivery, and fallback needs.JPEG XL vs WebP.jxl · .webpJPEG XL and WebP are different image formats with distinct feature sets and support across browsers and tools. WebP is established in many web workflows; JPEG XL may be considered only where client support and the full delivery pipeline are confirmed.Keras vs ONNX: training saves and inference exports.keras · .onnx.keras saves model configuration, weights and any optimizer state in Keras. ONNX represents computation graphs for compatible runtimes.LAS vs LAZ.las · .lazLAS stores point records without compression; LAZ losslessly compresses supported LAS data. Reader compatibility matters as well as size.LZ4 vs Zstandard: frame compatibility and settings.lz4 · .zstBoth are lossless, but LZ4 frames and Zstandard frames are not byte-compatible.M4A vs MP3.m4a · .mp3M4A is a filename extension commonly used for audio in an MPEG-4 container, while MP3 names an audio coding format. An M4A file may contain AAC, ALAC, or another supported codec, so the extension alone does not identify its encoding.M4A vs WAV.m4a · .wavM4A and WAV are audio containers; the extension alone does not identify the codec or quality. Consider delivery size and compatibility versus recording and editing needs.M4V vs MP4.m4v · .mp4M4V and MP4 are filename extensions used for MPEG-4-family video files. The extension alone does not establish the internal codecs, playback compatibility, or whether content protection is present; inspect the actual file and target environment.MBOX vs MSG.mbox · .mbx · .msgMBOX typically stores multiple email messages in a mailbox file, while MSG is commonly used for an individual Outlook item. Choose according to the unit being migrated and the destination application's import support.MBTiles vs MVT: tilesets and tile encoding.mbtiles · .mvtMBTiles is a tileset in SQLite; MVT encodes vector tiles. They occupy different layers and can be used together.MIDI vs WAV.mid · .midi · .wavBoth are used for music, but MIDI stores performance events while WAV stores audio samples for playback.MKV vs MP4.mkv · .mp4MKV and MP4 are containers that can hold video, audio, subtitles, and metadata. MKV often supports a flexible mix of tracks, while MP4 is widely used for delivery across devices and services. Compatibility depends on the codecs and track features inside the file.MKV vs WebM.mkv · .webmMKV is a flexible Matroska container; WebM is a constrained profile of Matroska intended for web media.MOV vs MKV.mov · .mkvMOV and MKV are containers that can store video, audio, subtitles, and metadata. MOV is common in Apple-oriented capture and editing workflows, while MKV is often used for flexible combinations of tracks. Compatibility depends on the actual codecs and target applications.MOV vs MP4.mov · .mp4MOV and MP4 are container formats, not video codecs. MOV is common in QuickTime-oriented capture and editing workflows, while MP4 is widely used for general distribution. Playback depends on the actual video and audio codecs inside the file.MP3 vs FLAC.mp3 · .flacMP3 uses lossy audio compression to reduce file size; FLAC compresses audio losslessly and can restore the original PCM samples. Choose according to delivery size, playback support, and whether an editing or archival master must be preserved.MP3 vs Opus.mp3 · .opusMP3 is a lossy audio format with broad support across devices and software. Opus is designed for efficient coding in uses such as voice communication and streaming, including low-latency scenarios. Choose for the delivery environment.MP3 vs WAV.mp3 · .wavMP3 is a lossy audio coding format commonly used for compact delivery. WAV is a container often used for recording and editing, frequently carrying uncompressed PCM audio but capable of other encodings. Check the actual audio data and workflow requirements.MP4 vs WebM.mp4 · .webmMP4 and WebM are containers for audio and video, not single codecs. MP4 is widely used across devices and services; WebM is a Matroska-based subset associated with web delivery. Size and quality depend on the encoded streams, settings, and playback environment.MPD vs M3U8.mpd · .m3u8MPD is DASH's XML manifest. M3U8 is a UTF-8 playlist; this comparison covers its HLS use. Neither is the media payload.MSG vs EML.msg · .emlMSG stores Outlook items and can represent more than email, including appointments and contacts. EML is commonly used to save or transfer one internet email message at a time.MVT vs GeoJSON: tile delivery and data exchange.mvt · .geojson · .jsonMVT is a Protocol Buffers encoding for map vector tiles. GeoJSON is geographic JSON data and does not itself define tile delivery rules.netCDF vs Parquet.nc · .nc4 · .cdf · .parquetnetCDF describes scientific datasets with named dimensions, variables, and attributes that can relate coordinates and time. Parquet is a columnar file format with row groups and column chunks, suited to selecting columns in analytical queries.netCDF vs Zarr.nc · .nc4 · .cdf · .zarrnetCDF provides a scientific data model with dimensions, variables, and attributes across several file formats. Zarr specifies chunked multidimensional arrays stored in key-value systems. The better fit depends on tools, storage, and access patterns.NIfTI vs DICOM.nii · .nii.gz · .hdr · .img · .dcmBoth appear in medical imaging, but NIfTI mainly carries neuroimaging voxel arrays and spatial transforms, while DICOM exchanges clinical studies with related attributes.NPY vs NPZ.npy · .npzNPY stores one array with dtype and shape. NPZ bundles NPY members in ZIP and provides access by array name.NPZ vs HDF5: array bundles and partial reads.npz · .h5 · .hdf5NPZ bundles named NPY arrays in ZIP. HDF5 organizes groups, datasets, and attributes hierarchically.ODP vs PPTX.odp · .pptxODP is the OpenDocument presentation format, while PPTX is based on Office Open XML. Both store slide decks, but editing behavior and feature support depend on the presentation software and organization workflow.ODS vs XLSX.ods · .xlsxODS is the OpenDocument spreadsheet format, while XLSX is based on Office Open XML. Both support editable workbooks, but feature behavior and rendering can vary across spreadsheet applications and versions.ODT vs DOCX.odt · .docxODT is an editable word-processing format in the OpenDocument family. DOCX is an editable document format based on Office Open XML. Choose for your software, collaborators, and organizational requirements.ODT vs PDF.odt · .pdfODT is an editable OpenDocument text format, while PDF is commonly used to preserve a page layout for viewing and distribution. Choose based on whether recipients need to revise the content or see a consistent rendition.ODT vs RTF.odt · .rtfODT is an editable document package based on the OpenDocument standard and can include text, tables, images, and styles. RTF exchanges basic character and paragraph formatting as text.Ogg vs MP3.ogg · .mp3Ogg is a container that can carry codecs such as Vorbis or Opus; MP3 is a lossy audio format. The Ogg extension alone does not identify its codec, so check the actual stream and target-player support.Ogg vs Opus.ogg · .opusOgg is a container; Opus is an audio codec. They serve different roles rather than competing as equivalent formats. An Opus stream may be stored in Ogg or handled with an .opus file, depending on the workflow.OGV vs WebM.ogv · .webmOGV and WebM are video containers, not guarantees of a particular codec or playback result. The usable video and audio codecs, browser versions, and delivery setup determine compatibility.ORC vs CSV.orc · .csvORC is a typed columnar binary format suited to analytical systems that read selected columns. CSV is a text format for rows and delimited fields that people and general-purpose tools can handle easily.Parquet vs JSON.parquet · .jsonParquet is a binary columnar format for analytics; JSON is a text format for structured-data exchange. Parquet is often used for large analytical datasets, while JSON is common in APIs and configuration.Parquet vs ORC.parquet · .orcParquet and ORC are columnar formats for large-scale analytical data. Choose according to the query engine, existing platform, and measured workload.Parquet vs Zarr.parquet · .zarrApache Parquet stores tables in files divided into row groups and column chunks. Zarr stores multidimensional arrays as chunks with array metadata in a store.PCAP vs PCAPNG.pcap · .cap · .pcapngPCAP is a widely supported classic packet-capture format; PCAPNG is extensible and can retain multiple interfaces and more capture metadata.PDF vs DOCX.pdf · .docxPDF is suited to distributing a reviewed page layout; DOCX is suited to creating and revising a document. Choose by what the recipient needs to do.PDF vs Markdown.pdf · .md · .markdownPDF distributes a fixed page presentation, while Markdown is plain-text source for structured content that can be edited and rendered in different ways. Choose by whether the priority is final appearance or maintainable text.PDF vs PNG.pdf · .pngChoose PDF for paginated documents and print-ready layouts; choose PNG for screenshots, pixel artwork, or transparency.PDF vs SVG.pdf · .svgUse PDF to share or print page layouts; use SVG for scalable logos, icons, and diagrams on the web.PEM vs DER.pem · .derPEM and DER can represent the same certificate or key data in different encodings. PEM wraps Base64 text in labeled boundaries; DER is a binary ASN.1 encoding. The extension alone does not identify the contained object.PEM vs PFX.pem · .pfx · .p12PEM is a text encoding for certificate-related structures; PFX/P12 is a PKCS#12 container that can package certificates and private keys.PLY vs PCD.ply · .pcdPLY handles vertices and faces; PCD handles point fields and organization for PCL. Both can store points, but their structures differ.PNG vs AVIF.png · .avifPNG is a widely supported lossless raster format with transparency. AVIF is a newer image format that can reduce file size, but support and encoding choices matter. Compare actual images and delivery requirements.PNG vs GIF.png · .gifPNG is suited to lossless still images and transparency; GIF supports simple multi-frame animation with a limited color palette. Choose based on still image versus short motion.PNG vs SVG.png · .svgPNG is a raster image made of pixels; SVG describes vector shapes that can scale without a fixed pixel grid. Choose based on whether the asset is pixel-based artwork or geometry that should remain sharp at different sizes.PNG vs WebP.png · .webpBoth PNG and WebP can support transparency. PNG is a widely supported lossless format; WebP is an option for optimizing web delivery and can also support animation. Compare real assets and target browsers.PPT vs ODP.ppt · .odpPPT is the binary presentation format used by PowerPoint 97–2003, while ODP is the OpenDocument presentation format. When exchanging files between applications, check more than whether the file opens: layout and features may differ.PPT vs PPTX.ppt · .pptxPPT is the older binary PowerPoint format; PPTX is the newer Office Open XML presentation format. Choose based on the software and recipients, then test converted slides in the actual presentation environment.PPTX vs PDF.pptx · .pdfPPTX is an editable slide deck; PDF is suited to sharing a fixed-looking version for viewing or print. Choose whether recipients need the source or a reviewed final copy.Protocol Buffers vs JSON.proto · .jsonProtocol Buffers defines typed messages from `.proto` schemas and provides a field-number-based binary wire format plus a separate ProtoJSON mapping. JSON is a general text format under RFC 8259 and does not assume a particular schema.PSD vs JPEG.psd · .jpg · .jpegPSD is an editable Photoshop project that can retain layers; JPEG is a widely shared raster image often used for photographs. Keep the working file separate from the export.PSD vs PNG.psd · .pngPSD is an editable Photoshop working file that can retain layers and text; PNG is a lossless raster image for viewing and sharing, including transparency. Keep the source and use each for its role.PSD vs TIFF.psd · .tif · .tiffPSD is a Photoshop working format that can retain layers and masks; TIFF is commonly used in print, scanning, and image exchange and can use different compression and color settings. Choose for the required workflow.RAR vs 7Z.rar · .7zRAR and 7Z are archive formats that bundle files and may compress them. The practical choice depends on creation and extraction tools available to both sender and recipient, plus operational needs such as splitting or encryption.RAR vs ZIP.rar · .zipRAR and ZIP both bundle files into archives. ZIP is broadly supported across operating systems and tools, while RAR may fit workflows that rely on RAR-specific features. Choose for recipient access and handling needs.RINEX vs SP3: observations and orbit products.rnx · .sp3RINEX exchanges observations, navigation and other data. SP3 records satellite positions and clock information by epoch. Their GNSS roles differ.RTF vs TXT.rtf · .txtRTF can store basic text formatting; TXT stores plain characters without rich formatting. Choose based on whether appearance or simple text portability matters.Safetensors vs ONNX: weights or model graphs.safetensors · .onnxSafetensors stores named tensors. ONNX represents a model with a computation graph, inputs, outputs, and operator versions.SAM vs BAM.sam · .bamSAM and BAM represent the same alignment information. SAM is TAB-delimited text; BAM is binary encoded in BGZF blocks.7Z vs ZIP.7z · .zip7Z and ZIP both bundle multiple files. 7Z suits workflows that need flexible compression settings, while ZIP is often easier to extract across operating systems without extra software.Shapefile vs GeoPackage: file sets and attribute preservation.shp · .gpkgShapefile is a multi-file layer; GeoPackage holds multiple kinds of geographic data in SQLite.SQLite vs CSV.sqlite · .sqlite3 · .db · .csvSQLite is a relational database file that stores tables, indexes, and schema. CSV is text for exchanging row-and-column values; by itself, it does not preserve database relationships or constraints.SRT vs TTML.srt · .ttml · .xmlSRT and TTML both time subtitles to media. SRT is a simple exchange format; TTML is XML-based and can carry richer presentation information when supported by a profile.SRT vs WebVTT.srt · .vttSRT is a simple text format widely used to exchange subtitles. WebVTT is designed for subtitle tracks in web video, including HTML video workflows. Choose for the player and features you need.STEP vs DXF.step · .stp · .dxfSTEP is commonly used to exchange 3D product and part data; DXF is used for drawing entities and drafting exchange. Choose based on whether the recipient needs a 3D model or drawing content, and verify units and scale.STEP vs IGES.step · .stp · .iges · .igsSTEP and IGES are both used to exchange CAD data. STEP is a modern product-data standard; IGES remains in established workflows for geometry exchange. Choose for recipient requirements and verify units and the imported model.STEP vs STL.step · .stp · .stlSTEP exchanges product geometry and related data between CAD systems. STL represents a surface as a triangular mesh. They serve different tasks: design-data exchange and preparing geometry for 3D printing.STL vs FBX.stl · .fbxSTL is a triangle-mesh format commonly used to pass a finished shape to 3D printing. FBX can exchange richer production scene data such as materials, rigs, and animation, depending on the tools. Choose by the required downstream use.STL vs OBJ.stl · .objSTL is common for sending triangle meshes to 3D printing; OBJ can carry mesh attributes and may reference materials separately.SVG vs WebP.svg · .webpSVG describes vector shapes; WebP is primarily a raster image format. Logos and diagrams often start as vectors, while photos and pixel artwork are raster. Choose for the content and test the target browsers.TAR vs 7Z.tar · .7zTAR primarily bundles files and metadata; compression is often applied separately, as in tar.gz. 7Z is an archive format with built-in compression options. Choose for the recipient’s tools and the workflow.TAR vs ZIP.tar · .zipTAR and ZIP both bundle multiple files, but TAR is primarily an archive container and commonly pairs with a separate compressor. ZIP combines archiving and compression in one format. Choose based on recipient tools and the workflow.TGA vs PNG.tga · .pngTGA appears in some graphics and game-production workflows, while PNG is broadly supported for transparent images and web use. Choose for the target tools and verify color and alpha handling.3GP vs MP4.3gp · .3gpp · .mp43GP and MP4 are related ISO-based media container formats, but target uses and playback support differ. The codecs inside the container matter as much as the extension.3MF vs STL.3mf · .stl3MF can carry 3D printing information such as units, materials, and color; STL focuses on triangle-mesh geometry. Choose based on slicer and printer support and which manufacturing details need to travel with the model.TIFF vs PNG.tif · .tiff · .pngTIFF is used in print, scanning, and production workflows with configurable compression and color settings. PNG is convenient for general graphics and transparent web images. Neither extension alone determines quality or size.TIFF vs WebP.tif · .tiff · .webpTIFF is commonly used in scanning, image editing, and print workflows. WebP targets web delivery and supports lossy or lossless compression, transparency, and animation.TSV vs CSV.tsv · .csvTSV and CSV are plain-text formats for rows and columns. TSV separates fields with tabs, while CSV uses commas and has broad support across spreadsheet and data tools.TTF vs OTF.ttf · .otfTTF and OTF are font file extensions used on desktops and in creative work. Under modern OpenType specifications, a TTF file can also be an OpenType font, so the extension alone does not determine its capabilities.TTF vs WOFF2.ttf · .woff2TTF is a TrueType font file commonly installed on desktops and used by applications. WOFF2 is a compressed format designed for web font delivery. Choose for where the font will be used and check its license.TTML vs WebVTT.ttml · .xml · .vttTTML is an XML-based timed-text specification used with profiles for caption and broadcast workflows. WebVTT is a practical format for subtitle tracks in web video.TXT vs Markdown.txt · .md · .markdownTXT stores unformatted text, while Markdown adds lightweight notation for document structure. Both remain plain text, but Markdown's headings, links, and code markers need a compatible renderer to appear formatted.UBX vs RINEX: receiver logs and observation exchange.ubx · .rnxUBX is u-blox-specific binary communication and logging. RINEX is text exchange for observations, navigation and other data.USD vs FBX.usd · .usda · .usdc · .usdz · .fbxUSD is a scene-description foundation for composing multiple assets, while FBX is widely used to exchange 3D production data. Their fit depends on the pipeline and on what the receiving tools preserve.VCF vs CSV.vcf · .csvVCF is used to exchange contact records, while CSV represents tabular data. Choose based on whether contacts will be imported into an address book or organized and processed as a list.WAV vs AAC.wav · .aacWAV is an audio container often used for uncompressed PCM editing material. AAC is an audio compression codec commonly stored inside containers such as M4A or MP4. They are not the same kind of format, so inspect both the container and the encoded stream.WAV vs AIFF.wav · .aiff · .aifWAV and AIFF are audio containers often used for PCM, but either can hold different encodings. The extension alone does not guarantee quality.WAV vs Ogg.wav · .oggWAV is a RIFF-family container often used for uncompressed PCM recording and editing. Ogg is a container for audio and other media, commonly paired with codecs such as Vorbis or Opus for delivery. The extension alone does not identify the encoding or sound quality.Web App Manifest vs JSON.webmanifest · .jsonA Web App Manifest is a JSON-based configuration format for web apps, while JSON is a general-purpose data notation. The manifest defines recognized web-app metadata such as name, icons, and start_url.WOFF vs WOFF2.woff · .woff2WOFF and WOFF2 are formats for delivering fonts on the web. WOFF2 is newer and can reduce transfer size, but browser coverage, existing environments, and licensing still guide the choice.X3D vs glTF.x3d · .x3dv · .x3db · .gltf · .glbX3D is a standard for representing interactive 3D scenes, while glTF is a format for delivering 3D assets to web and real-time viewers.XLS vs ODS.xls · .odsXLS is a legacy binary workbook format from Microsoft Excel; ODS is an editable spreadsheet format in the OpenDocument family. Choose based on existing XLS files or an OpenDocument workflow.XLS vs XLSX.xls · .xlsxXLS is the older binary Excel workbook format, while XLSX is a spreadsheet format based on Office Open XML. Both can store formulas and formatting, but XLSX is the current choice for most modern Excel workflows.XML vs CSV.xml · .csvXML represents structured data with hierarchy, elements, and attributes; CSV represents values in a flat table. Choose according to the receiving specification and the structure the data needs.XML vs JSON.xml · .jsonXML and JSON are text formats for structured data, but use different structures and conventions.YAML vs TOML.yaml · .yml · .tomlYAML and TOML are both text formats used for human-edited configuration. YAML supports flexible hierarchical structures; TOML emphasizes explicit, readable settings with keys and tables. Choose for the tool and data shape.YAML vs XML.yaml · .yml · .xmlYAML and XML both represent structured data. YAML is often convenient for human-maintained configuration, while XML is common in integrations that depend on elements, attributes, schemas, or namespaces.Zstandard vs gzip.zst · .gz · .gzipZstandard and gzip are both lossless compression formats. Zstandard has configurable levels, frames, and optional dictionaries; gzip is widely supported by older tools and web delivery systems.Zstandard vs xz.zst · .xzZstandard and xz are lossless compression formats for files or tar streams. Zstandard is configurable for speed and streaming; xz is commonly used where xz-compatible distribution and compression settings are required.